tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58667174289712800562024-03-08T04:40:07.955-08:00Physics notes for Class 10Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-54344346750353345002012-12-03T08:17:00.002-08:002012-12-03T08:17:44.680-08:00TRANSFORMER<u><i><b>TRANSFORMER</b></i></u><br />
<i><b>THE DEVICE WHICH IS USED TO CHANGE THE VOLTAGE.</b></i><br />
<i><b> OR</b></i><br />
<i><b> </b></i><u><i><b> </b></i></u>A <b>transformer</b> is a power converter that transfers AC electrical energy through inductive coupling between circuits of the transformer's windings. A varying current in the <i>primary</i> winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the <i>secondary</i> winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling.<br />
If a load
is connected to the secondary winding, current will flow in this
winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary
circuit through the transformer to the load. Transformers may be used
for AC-to-AC conversion of a single power frequency, or for conversion
of signal power over a wide range of frequencies, such as audio or radio
frequencies.<br />
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (<i>V</i><sub>s</sub>) is in proportion to the primary voltage (<i>V</i><sub>p</sub>) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (<i>N</i><sub>s</sub>) to the number of turns in the primary (<i>N</i><sub>p</sub>) as follows:<br />
<dl><dd><img alt="
\frac{V_\text{s}}{V_{\text{p}}} = \frac{N_\text{s}}{N_\text{p}}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/e/8/ee8abdc156063911b43937481b8b019d.png" /></dd></dl>
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making <i>N</i><sub>s</sub> greater than <i>N</i><sub>p</sub>, or "stepped down" by making <i>N</i><sub>s</sub> less than <i>N</i><sub>p</sub>. The windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.<br />
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids.
All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs
is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found
in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="332" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Polemount-singlephase-closeup.jpg/220px-Polemount-singlephase-closeup.jpg" width="220" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-43914303166924023482012-12-03T08:14:00.002-08:002012-12-22T05:31:21.185-08:00OHM'S LAW<b><sup><u><i>ohm's law</i></u></sup></b><br />
<b><sup><u><i> </i></u></sup>Ohm's law</b> states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Millikan_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law#cite_note-Millikan-2"></a></sup><br />
<dl><dd><img alt="I = \frac{V}{R}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/9/a/f9ae53a99f2b2b6a74146fb04fb3ff73.png" /></dd></dl>
where <i>I</i> is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, <i>V</i> is the potential difference measured <i>across</i> the conductor in units of volts, and <i>R</i> is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the <i>R</i> in this relation is constant, independent of the current.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law#cite_note-3"></a></sup><br />
The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm,
who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied
voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing
various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation
than the one above (see History section below) to explain his experimental results. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-50938968515272997682012-12-03T08:12:00.000-08:002012-12-22T05:35:05.011-08:00Capacitor<u><i><b>CAPACITOR</b></i></u><br />
<i><b>the instrument which is used to store the charges.</b></i><br />
<i><b> </b></i>A <b>capacitor</b> (originally known as <b>condenser</b>) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric
(insulator); . Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.<br />
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference.it is used in any things like mobiles,toys and also there are many capacitor used in motherboard of computer. <br />
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and <img alt="Photo-SMDcapacitors.jpg" height="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo-SMDcapacitors.jpg/250px-Photo-SMDcapacitors.jpg" width="250" />.<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Condensador_electrolitico_150_microF_400V.jpg/220px-Condensador_electrolitico_150_microF_400V.jpg" width="220" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-86044248600591310382012-12-03T08:08:00.002-08:002012-12-22T05:36:52.131-08:00COLOUMB'S LAW<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="The_law">The law</span></h2>
Coulomb's law states that <i>the magnitude of the Electrostatics
force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional
to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distances between them.</i><br />
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coulombslaw.svg" title="A graphical representation of Coulomb's law"><img alt="A graphical representation of Coulomb's law" height="67" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coulombslaw.svg/392px-Coulombslaw.svg.png" width="392" /></a></div>
</div>
If the two charges
have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive;
if they have different sign, the force between them is attractive.<br />
The scalar and vector forms of the mathematical equation are<br />
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt="|\boldsymbol{F}|=k_e{|q_1q_2|\over r^2}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/f/6/3f67479eda67aa1df0b2b44ca10a116d.png" /></td>
<td> and </td>
<td><img alt="\boldsymbol{F}=k_e{q_1q_2\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}\over r_{21}^2}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/3/c/43cfd29869833e7377d49cc8b89c101c.png" /></td>
<td>, respectively.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="An_electric_field">An electric field</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="209" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Electric_field_one_charge_changing.gif/220px-Electric_field_one_charge_changing.gif" width="220" />
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_field_one_charge_changing.gif" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between
them is repulsive; if they have different sign, the force between them
is attractive.</div>
</div>
</div>
The magnitude of the electric field force, <b><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i></span></b>, is invertible from Coulomb's law. Since <span class="texhtml"><i><b>E</b></i> = <i><b>F</b></i> <span class="frac nowrap">⁄</span> <i><b>Q</b></i></span> it follows from the Coulomb's law that the magnitude of the electric field <b><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i></span></b> created by a single point charge <i><span class="texhtml">q</span></i> at a certain distance <i><span class="texhtml">r</span></i> is given by:this law is used very much in the world for many things.it can not be challenge.<br />
<dl><dd><img alt="|\boldsymbol{E}|={1\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{|q|\over r^2}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/e/f/6ef87591382929117d7f8e3bc1edc75e.png" />.</dd></dl>
An electric field is a vector field
which associates to each point of the space the Coulomb force that will
experience a test unity charge. Given the electric field, the strength
and direction of a force <b><span class="texhtml"><i>F</i></span></b> on a <i>q</i>uantity charge <span class="texhtml"><i>q</i></span> in an electric field <b><span class="texhtml"><i>E</i></span></b>
is determined by the electric field. For a positive charge, the
direction of the electric field points along lines directed radially <i>away</i> from the location of the point charge, while the direction is <i>towards</i> for a negative charge.<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-40972862254081291222012-12-03T08:06:00.003-08:002012-12-22T05:40:31.505-08:00COLOUMB'S LAW<b>HERE IS THE COLOUMB'S LAW</b><br />
<b>Coulomb's law</b> or Coulomb's inverse-square law is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles. It was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism.
This law states that "The force of attraction or repulsion between two
point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of
each charge and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1785a_1-0">[1]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Others_2-0">[2]</sup> Coulomb's law has been tested heavily and all observations are consistent with the law.<br />
<img alt="File:Coulomb.jpg" height="353" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Coulomb.jpg" width="300" /><br />
In 1785, the French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb
published his first three reports of electricity and magnetism where he
stated his law and this publication was essential to the development of
the theory of electromagnetism.He used a torsion balance
to study the repulsion and attraction forces of charged particles and
determined that the magnitude of the electric force between two point
charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.<br />
<sup><br /></sup>as their are many scientist passed and are alive have shown their laws and their theories in every field.columb has also maked columbs law which has been accepted uptil now and can not be challenged.In 1769, Scottish physicist John Robison
announced that according to his measurements, the force of repulsion
between two spheres with charges of the same sign varied as x<sup>-2.06</sup>.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-86620163704395499822012-12-03T07:58:00.003-08:002012-12-22T05:45:26.865-08:00Defects of a lens<h2 class="header Heading3">
the defects of lens are following </h2>
<h2 class="header Heading3">
Spherical Aberration</h2>
<ul>
<li class="step ">
<div class="stepMeat">
<div itemprop="step">
Light impinging on different areas of the spherical surface
of the lens will not meet at precisely the same spot. The rays striking
the lens farthest from the center will focus slightly closer to the lens
than rays than strike the lens near its center. </div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="header Heading3">
Chromatic Aberration</h2>
<ul>
<li class="step ">
<div class="stepMeat">
<div itemprop="step">
Chromatic aberration results from the fact that a lens
refracts or bends some colors of light more sharply than others. A lens
bends violet light rays more sharply than green, and red suffers even
less refraction. As a result, the lens tends to separate white light
into its component colors, and a colorful halo results.</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br />
<h2 class="header Heading3">
Comatic Aberration</h2>
<ul>
<li class="step ">
<div class="stepMeat">
<div itemprop="step">
Comatic aberration occurs when light rays from a distance
impinge upon a lens at an angle rather than perpendicular to the plane
of its disc. .</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<img alt="The Different Kinds of Lens Defects thumbnail" class="photo" data-credit="Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images" longdesc="http://i.ehow.com/images/a07/m4/4k/different-kinds-lens-defects-800x800.jpg" src="http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a07/m4/4k/different-kinds-lens-defects-800x800.jpg" style="left: 0px; position: relative; top: -50px;" title="" /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-2487499148359871152012-12-03T07:55:00.002-08:002013-01-17T03:06:13.815-08:00LENS FORMULA<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b> <a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/lens-formula.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="356" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Lens_and_wavefronts.gif" width="183" /></a></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><a class="toplink" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056" name="top"></a></b></i></u></span>
<br />
<div>
<div style="float: left; padding-top: 2px;">
<h1 class="dataheader">
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i>
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/lens-formula.html" target="_blank">Derivation of Lens Formula (Convex Lens)</a></i></u></span></h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="line description">
<blockquote>
<h5 class="contentimage">
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/lens-formula.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;"><u><i><img align="middle" alt="convex lens formula" height="186" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/content/light-refraction/convex-lens-formula.jpeg" title="convex lens formula" width="466" /></i></u></span></a></h5>
</blockquote>
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>Let AB represent an object placed at right angles to the principal
axis at a distance greater than the focal length f of the convex lens.
The image A<sup>1</sup>B<sup>1</sup> is formed beyond 2F<sub>2</sub> and is real and inverted.</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>OA = Object distance = u</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>OA<sup>1</sup> = Image distance = v</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>OF<sub>2</sub> = Focal length = f</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/images/commonimages/delta.gif" />OAB and <img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/images/commonimages/delta.gif" />OA<sup>1</sup>B<sup>1</sup> are similar</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img167.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img168.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>But we know that OC = AB</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/images/commonimages/therefore.jpeg" /> the above equation can be written as</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img170.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img171.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>From equation (1) and (2), we get</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img172.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img173.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img174.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b>Dividing equation (3) throughout by uvf</b></i></u></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img175.gif" /></b></i></u></span><br />
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/lens-formula.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;"><u><i><b><img align="middle" src="http://images.tutorvista.com/contentimages/physics_10/content/us/class10physics/chapter02/images/img176.gif" /></b></i></u></span></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-15646656540619640372012-12-03T07:50:00.005-08:002013-01-17T03:02:58.343-08:00SNELL'S LAW<u><i><b><span style="color: lime;"> </span>Snell's law </b></i></u><br />
<b>Snell–Descartes law</b> <b><i>or</i></b> the <b>law of refraction</b>) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water and glass.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/snells-law.html"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="395" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snells_law2.svg/220px-Snells_law2.svg.png" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snells_law2.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n<sub>2</sub> > n<sub>1</sub>. Since the velocity is lower in the second medium (v<sub>2</sub> < v<sub>1</sub>), the angle of refraction θ<sub>2</sub> is less than the angle of incidence θ<sub>1</sub>; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.</div>
</div>
</div>
In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence or refraction, and in experimental optics and gemology to find the refractive index of a material. The law is also satisfied in metamaterials, which allow light to be bent "backward" at a negative angle of refraction (negative refractive index).<br />
Although named after Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius (1580–1626), the law was first accurately described by the Arab scientist Ibn Sahl at Baghdad court, when in 984 he used the law to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations in the manuscript <i>On Burning Mirrors and Lenses</i> (984).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wolf_1-0">[1]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rashed1990_2-0">[2]</sup><br />
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of refraction:<br />
<dl><dd><a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/snells-law.html" target="_blank"><img alt="\frac{\sin\theta_1}{\sin\theta_2} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/0/a/20aa1e3d192ecb3164ac4f2095c86cd3.png" /></a></dd></dl>
with each <img alt="\theta" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/0/d/50d91f80cbb8feda1d10e167107ad1ff.png" /> as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, <img alt="v" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/e/3/9e3669d19b675bd57058fd4664205d2a.png" /> as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s) and <img alt="n" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/b/8/7b8b965ad4bca0e41ab51de7b31363a1.png" /> as the refractive index (which is unitless) of the respective medium.<br />
The law follows from Fermat's principle of least time, which in turn follows from the propagation of light as waves.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-62216569650005550912012-12-03T07:47:00.000-08:002013-01-17T03:02:11.111-08:00Spherical Mirror Formula<h1 class="post-title single">
<u><i><a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/spherical-mirror-formula.html" target="_blank"></a><br /></i></u></h1>
<h1 class="post-title single">
<u><i>Spherical Mirror Formula</i></u></h1>
The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical
mirror can be determined from an equation which is called spherical
mirror formula.<br />
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/spherical-mirror-formula.html" target="_blank"><img alt="al-qasim-trust-Convex Mirror Formula 1" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1254" height="395" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/fig4-6.gif" title="al-qasim-trust-Convex Mirror Formula 1" width="600" /></a><br />
<span style="color: #3366ff;"><b>Concave mirror formula</b></span><br />
To
derive concave mirror formula consider fig. (14.4) where an object OA,
is placed in front of a concave mirror. A ray of light starting from the
end point A of the object and moving parallel to the principal axis
strikes the mirror at the point E. it is reflected at E and passes
through the principal focus F. A second ray also starting from A falls
on the mirror at pole P. it is reflected by making an angle of
reflection equal to the angle of incidence and intersects the first
reflected ray at point B i. e.,<i> </i>. Thus, point B is the real image of point A.<br />
<img alt="desk-top-class-mirror-1" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1247" height="290" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/desk-top-class-mirror-1.bmp" title="desk-top-class-mirror-1" width="599" /><br />
<img alt="al-qasim-trust-mirror-2" class="size-full wp-image-1248 alignnone" height="155" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/al-qasim-trust-mirror-2.jpg" title="al-qasim-trust-mirror-2" width="405" /><br />
<i> </i> <i> </i> <i> </i><br />
Generally,
the distance of the object from the mirror is denoted by P and that of
image as q. focal length of the mirror is denoted by f.<br />
Therefore, the above equation can be written in the following manner:<br />
<img alt="al-qasim-trust-mirror-3" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1249" height="199" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/al-qasim-trust-mirror-3.jpg" title="al-qasim-trust-mirror-3" width="597" /><br />
<i> </i><br />
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/spherical-mirror-formula.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #3366ff;"><b>Convex Mirror Formula</b></span></a><br />
Consider
an object OA placed in front of a convex mirror (fig. 14.5). A ray of
light starts from the end point A of the object. It moves parallel to
the principal axis. It strikes the mirror at the point E and reflected
in the direction EM. If this ray is produced backwards (in dotted
lines), it meets the principal axis at the principal focus F. this ray
appears to be diverged from F. another ray starting from end point ‘A’
falls on the pole P of the mirror and is reflected by making an angle of
reflection equal to the angle of incidence. If this ray is produced
backwards (in dotted lines), it intersects the first ray at the point B.
thus, point B is the virtual image of ‘A’. if this process is repeated
for other points of the object OA then the image IB of the object OA is
obtained. This image is virtual, erect and diminished.<br />
<a href="http://physicsnotesfor10.blogspot.com/2012/12/spherical-mirror-formula.html" target="_blank"><img alt="al-qasim-trust-Convex Mirror Formula " class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1255" height="157" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/22a.gif" title="al-qasim-trust-Convex Mirror Formula " width="226" /></a><br />
Using
Fig. 14.5, we can prove that the relationship between the object
distance p, from the pole, the image distance q from the pole and the
focal length of convex mirror f is the same as given by Eq. 14.3 i.e.,<br />
<img alt="al-qasim-trust-mirror-4" class="size-full wp-image-1250 aligncenter" height="41" src="http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/al-qasim-trust-mirror-4.jpg" title="al-qasim-trust-mirror-4" width="258" /><br />
This equation is known as a spherical mirror formula. Since in case of
convex mirror, image is always virtual and according to sign
conventions, distance of virtual image and focal length of convex mirror
is taken as negative.<br />
<h1 class="post-title single">
</h1>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-52821084073377221152012-12-03T07:44:00.000-08:002012-12-22T06:08:34.807-08:00SPEED OF SOUND<u><i><b>SPEED OF SOUND</b></i></u><br />
<u><i><b> </b></i></u>The <b>speed of sound</b> is the distance travelled during a unit of time by a sound wave propagating through an elastic medium. In dry air at <span style="white-space: nowrap;">20 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(68 °F)</span>,
the speed of sound is 343.2 metres per second (1,126 ft/s). This is
1,236 kilometres per hour (768 mph), or about one kilometer in three
seconds or approximately one mile in five seconds.<br />
In fluid dynamics,
the speed of sound in a fluid medium (gas or liquid) is used as a
relative measure of speed itself. The speed of an object (in distance
per time) divided by the speed of sound in the fluid is called the Mach number. Objects moving at speeds greaterkly depends oy
for a given ideald speed is slightly depependent on square root of the
mean molecular weight of the gas, and affected to a lesser extent by the number of ways in which the molecules of the gas can store heat from compression, nd in gaxpressed in terms of a ratio of <i>both</i>
density and pressure, these quantities cancel in ideal gases at any
given te only the latter independent
variables.<br />
In common everyday speech, <i>speed of sound</i> refers to the speed oaves in air. However, the speed of sounstance to substance. Sound t in liquids aoli it does in air. It travels about 4.3 times as fast in water
(1,484 m/s), and nearly 15 times on (5,1 The speed of shear waves is determined only by the solid material's shear modulus and density.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-46922984762503384982012-12-03T07:43:00.001-08:002012-12-22T06:07:39.643-08:00Sound intensity<b><u><i>INTENSITY IF SOUND</i></u></b><br />
<b><u><i> </i></u>Sound intensity</b> or <b>acoustic intensity</b> (<i><b>I</b></i>) is defined as the sound power <i><b>P<sub>ac</sub></b></i> per unit area <i>A</i>. The usual context is the noise measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener's location as a sound energy quantity.<br />
Sound intensity is not the ntity as sound pressure. Hearingly sensitive to pre whis related to sound intensity.
In consumer audio electronics, fferences
"intensity" Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-49928059108307731142012-12-03T07:41:00.004-08:002012-12-03T07:41:29.163-08:00SOUND<u><i><b>SOUND</b></i></u><br />
<u><i><b> </b></i></u>Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure that propagates through
compressible media such as air or water. (Sound can propagate through
solids as well, but there are additional modes of propagation). Sound
that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000
Hz. In air at standard temperature and pressure, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m to 17 mm. During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JHU_2-0"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup><br />
The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:<br />
<ul>
<li>A relationship between density and pressure. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.</li>
<li>The propagation is also affected by the motion of the medium itself.
For example, sound moving through wind. Independent of the motion of
sound through the medium, if the medium is moving, the sound is further
transported.</li>
<li>The viscosity of the medium also affects the motion of sound waves.
It determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media,
such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.</li>
</ul>
When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant
physical properties, it may be refracted (either dispersed or focused).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JHU_2-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg/170px-Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg" width="170" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="235" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ear.jpg/150px-Ear.jpg" width="150" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-19664223064785526452012-12-03T07:40:00.000-08:002012-12-03T07:40:27.600-08:00STATIONARY WAVES<u><i><b>STATIONARY WAVES</b></i></u><br />
In physics, a <b>standing wave</b> – also known as a <b>stationary wave</b> – is a wave that remains in a constant position.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standingwaves.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="330" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Standingwaves.svg/250px-Standingwaves.svg.png" width="250" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standingwaves.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Two opposing waves combine to form a standing wave.</div>
</div>
</div>
This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the
opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium
as a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions. In the second case, for waves of equal amplitude traveling in opposing directions, there is on average no net propagation of energy.<br />
In a resonator, standing waves occur during the phenomenon known as resonance.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-10363600055171145092012-12-03T07:37:00.004-08:002012-12-03T07:37:45.091-08:00RIFFLE TANK<u><i><b>RIFFLE TANK:-</b></i></u> <br />
In physics and engineering, a <b>ripple tank</b> is a shallow glass tank of water used in schools and colleges to demonstrate the basic properties of waves. It is a specialized form of a wave tank. The ripple
tank is usually illuminated from above, so that the light shines
through the water. Some small ripple tanks fit onto the top of an overhead projector, i.e. they are illuminated from below. The ripples on the water show up as shadows on the screen underneath the tank. All the basic properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction, can be demonstrated.<br />
Ripples may be generated by a piece of wood that is suspended above the tank on elastic bands so that it is just touching the surface. Screwed to wood is a motor
that has an off centre weight attached to the axle. As the axle rotates
the motor wobbles, shaking the wood and generating ripples.<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="238" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simple_ripple_tank.svg/240px-Simple_ripple_tank.svg.png" width="240" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rippletanksource2.gif/220px-Rippletanksource2.gif" width="220" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/5wavelength%3Dslitwidthsprectrum.gif/220px-5wavelength%3Dslitwidthsprectrum.gif" width="220" /><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif/220px-Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif" width="220" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-42765527498496541252012-12-03T07:35:00.002-08:002012-12-03T07:35:13.508-08:00TRASVERSE WAVES <b><u><i>Transverse</i></u> wave</b> is a moving wave
that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular (or right angled)
to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in
the positive <i>x</i>-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the <i>y–z</i>
plane. Light is an example of a transverse wave. For transverse waves
in matter the displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave. A ripple on a pond and a wave on a
string are easily visualized transverse waves.<br />
<h2>
<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="231" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" width="305" /></h2>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-73517872329906852562012-12-03T07:33:00.003-08:002012-12-03T07:33:52.142-08:00SIMPLE PENDULUMA <b>pendulum</b> is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity
that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When
released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes
it to oscillate
about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for
one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. A pendulum swings with a specific period which depends (mainly) on its length.<br />
From its discovery around 1602 by Galileo Galilei
the regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping, and was the
world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Marrison_2-0"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup> Pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks, and are used in scientific instruments such as accelerometers and seismometers. Historically they were used as gravimeters to measure the acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys, and even as a standard of length. The word 'pendulum' is new Latin, from the Latin <i>pendulus</i>, meaning 'hanging'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup><br />
The <b>simple gravity pendulum</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> is an idealized mathematical model of a pendulum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hyperphysics_5-0"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup> This is a weight (or bob) on the end of a massless cord suspended from a pivot, without friction. When given an initial push, it will swing back and forth at a constant amplitude. Real pendulums are subject to friction and air drag, so the amplitude of their swings declines.<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="282" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oscillating_pendulum.gif/300px-Oscillating_pendulum.gif" width="300" />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-15900251827710741392012-12-03T07:30:00.001-08:002012-12-03T07:30:07.003-08:00<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="height: 370px; width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td height="309" width="514"><h1 align="center">
Simple Harmonic Motion</h1>
<span><i><b>IT IS ONE OFTHE MOST IMPO<span>RTANT TOPIC OF PHYSICS.</span></b></i></span>Simple harmonic motion is typified by the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by Hooke's Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and demonstrates a single resonant frequency. <br />
<center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm.gif" /></center>
<br />
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody>
<tr><td>Motion equations</td>
<td>Motion calculation</td>
<td>Frequency calculation</td>
<td>Motion sequence visualization</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody>
<tr><td>Damped oscillation</td>
<td>Driven oscillation</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
</td>
<td align="center" width="66"><br /></td><td align="center" width="66"><br /></td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="17"> <table><tbody>
<tr><td width="450"> </td><td align="right"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056" name="c2"></a>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="height: 370px; width: 580px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="309" width="514">
<h1 align="center">
Simple Harmonic Motion Equations</h1>
The motion equation for simple harmonic motion contains a complete description of the motion, and other parameters of the motion can be calculated from it.
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm2.gif" /></center>
<center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/mechpic/sprmass.jpg" /></center>
</td>
<td><center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm3.gif" /></center>
The velocity and acceleration are given by<br />
<center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm4.gif" /></center>
The total energy for an undamped oscillator is the sum
of its kinetic energy and potential energy, which is
constant at <br />
<center>
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm5.gif" /></center>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody>
<tr><td>Energy transformation in periodic motion</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
</td>
<td align="center" width="66"><br /></td></tr>
<tr>
<td height="17"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056" name="c3"></a>
<h1 align="center">
Simple Harmonic Motion Calculation</h1>
The motion equations for simple harmonic motion provide for calculating any parameter of the motion if the others are known. <br />
<img src="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmec/shm.gif" /><br />
<br />
<form action="" method="">
If the period is T =<input name="t" size="6" type="text" value="" />s <br />then the frequency is f = <input name="f" size="6" type="text" value="" />Hz and the angular frequency = <input name="af" size="6" type="text" value="" />rad/s.<br />
The motion is described by<br />
<center>
<span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056">Displacement</a></span> = <span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056">Amplitude</a></span> x sin (<span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056">angular frequency</a></span> x <span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5866717428971280056">time</a></span>)</center>
<center>
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><center>
<span>y</span></center>
</td><td>=</td><td><center>
<span>A</span></center>
</td><td> x sin (</td><td><center>
<span>ω</span></center>
</td><td> x </td><td><br /></td><td><center>
<span>t</span></center>
</td><td>)</td></tr>
<tr><td><center>
<input name="y" size="6" type="text" value="" />m</center>
</td><td>=</td><td><center>
<input name="a" size="6" type="text" value="" />m</center>
</td><td> x sin (</td><td><center>
<input name="om" size="6" type="text" value="" />rad/s</center>
</td><td> x </td><td><br /></td><td><center>
<input name="ti" size="6" type="text" value="" />s</center>
</td><td>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
Any of the parameters in the motion equation can be calculated by
clicking on the active word in the motion relationship above. Default
values will be entered for any missing data, but those values may be
changed and the calculation repeated. The angular frequency calculation
assumes that the motion is in its first period and therefore calculates
the smallest value of angular frequency which will match the other
parameters. The time calculation calculates the first time the motion
reaches the specified displacement, i.e., the time during the first
period.<br />
</form>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-54698725980246442202012-12-03T07:27:00.000-08:002013-01-17T03:04:11.271-08:00WAVE MOTION<br />
<h2>
<i><u>WAVE :-</u></i></h2>
<h2>
The agent which transfer energy from one place to another is called wave. </h2>
<h2>
<u><i>TYPES OF WAVES:-</i></u></h2>
<h3>
There are many types of waves of waves but the included waves in 10 class course are the following</h3>
<h3>
1:-Mechanical wave</h3>
<h3>
2:-Matter wave</h3>
<h3>
3:-Electromagnetic wave</h3>
<h3>
4:-Periodic motion</h3>
<h3>
Definitions</h3>
<h2>
1<u>Mechanical wave</u>:-the wave which require a medium the energy transferred but the particles of medium does not tansferred.</h2>
<h2>
2Matter wave:- the wave which require a medium,the energy and particle of medium both are transferred.</h2>
<h2>
3Electromagnetic wave:-the wave which does not require medium but energy is transferred.</h2>
<h2>
4Periodic motion:-the motion which repeat its self in equal interval of time.</h2>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5866717428971280056.post-27299578988120980072012-11-30T18:13:00.001-08:002013-01-17T03:00:03.097-08:00Introduction<br />
<br />
THE MAIN TOPICS INCLUDE IN 10 CLASS ARE THE FOLLOWING:-<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">WAVE MOTION</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">SOU<span style="font-size: large;">ND</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">SPHERICAL M<span style="font-size: large;">IRRORS AND LENSES</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">ELECTROMAGNETISM</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">NUCLE<span style="font-size: large;">AR PHYSI<span style="font-size: large;">CS</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">ELECTRONICS</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">INFORMATION TECHNOLO<span style="font-size: large;">GY</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">NO<span style="font-size: large;">W I WILL START FROM INTRODUCING</span></span></span></span></span> PHYS<span style="font-size: large;">ICS.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">WHAT IS PHYSICS?</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">PHYSICS IS THE STUDY OF MASS ENERGY AND THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP. </span> </span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03068857339028832075noreply@blogger.com0